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  6. The Development of the Novel in the 18th Century

The Development of the Novel in the 18th Century

Die literaturgeschichtliche Bedeutung des 18. Jhs. liegt in der Herausbildung des Romans. Aus dem pikaresken Roman mit seiner losen Reihung von Episoden (episodic structure) entwickelt sich der Roman, der eine Einheit der Handlung besitzt (novel of incident). Der empfindsame Roman dokumentiert ein wachsendes Interesse am eigenen Ich und am inneren Erleben. Statt der Handlung tritt nun die individuelle Persönlichkeit in den Vordergrund (novel of character). Briefroman, Satire und Reiseroman erfreuen sich im 18. Jh. großer Beliebtheit. Verschiedene Erzählperspektiven bilden sich heraus: Self-conscious narrator, first person narrator, limited point of view.

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The 18th Century

The time between 1650 and 1750 is said to have brought forth the best works of English satire. In Gulliver's Travels (1726), JONATHAN SWIFT used the medium of travel literature and discovery, fashionable at the time, as a vehicle of satire. It is a collection of satires about Samuel Gulliver who sets out on a series of voyages to fictitional countries (Lilliput, Brobdingnag, Laputa, Lagado, the Houyhnhums). SWIFT exposes the political and religious conflicts of his time; he satirizes the preoccupation with reason as well as philosophers and scientists who have lost touch with real life.

The Satirical Verse Epic

By putting the trivial event of cutting a lady's lock of hair into verse epic, ALEXANDER POPE's The Rape of the Lock (1712–14) became a mock-heroic epic. It parodied the verse epic and satirized conventions as well as mannerisms of the aristocracy.

POPE's Dunciad (1728,1742/43; derived from dunce = a very stupid person) is a mock-heroic epic and parody, too. It ridiculed “dulness” in general and the “dulness” of literary criticism in the cheap mass fiction of POPE's time.

SAMUEL BUTLER's Hudibras (1663–78) is a mock heroic epic which makes fun of Puritanism. The plot and the characters were modelled on CERVANTE's Don Quixote: Hudibras, the pedantic Puritan, and his companion Ralpho experience a series of adventures.

The Picaresque Novel

The picaresque novel presented a character's adventures in an episodic structure and aimed to satirize the ideals of romance.
Developed in Spain in the 16th Century, its most important example is CERVANTES' Don Quixote (1605), which paved the way for the modern novel. Moll Flanders (1722) by DANIEL DEFOE was modelled on the picaresque narrative and has a loosely knit episodic structure. It claimed to present a realistic life story. So did Robinson Crusoe (1719), which deals with the problem of a single man surviving on an uninhabited island. The novel is based on the source of the Scottish sailor ALEXANDER SELKIRK (1676–1721) who was put ashore on the desolate island of Juan Fernandez, 400 miles off the Chilean coast.

DEFOE's novel can be considered an allegory of mankind; it reflects the development of civilization, reduced to a period of 28 years. The economic theories of ROUSSEAU, CARLYLE and MARX, as well as German theories on education were influenced by the tale of a man left to his own resources. “Robinsonades”; survival stories, are imitations of DEFOE's novel:

  • R. L. STEVENSON, Treasure Island (1883)
  • R.M. BALLANTYNE, Coral Island (19th century)
  • It was also the source for Lord of the Flies (1954) by WILLIAM GOLDING.

A contemporary example of the picaresque novel is The Adventures of Augie March (1953) by SAUL BELLOW (b. 1915).

HENRY FIELDING's two novels of “comic epic poem in prose”, Joseph Andrews (1742) and Tom Jones (1749), tell the various adventures of their protagonists in the picaresque manner. Their encounters with characters (types) of differing social standing serve as a vehicle to ridicule affectation, vanity and hypocrisy. They provided a panoramic view of 18th century English society. Describing trivial events in the epic style was used as a means of mocking at human imperfection. Both novels used the ploy of the self-conscious narrator who invites the reader to witness the process of selecting material and composing the narration.

The Sentimental Novel (Der empfindsame Roman)

The sentimental novel or novel of sensibility became fashionable in the course of the 18th century. Its emphasis was on the characters' emotions and feelings rather than on the sequence of events. The sentimental novel of the 18th century showed a growing insight into the human soul. This led to the first English novels of character: Pamela; or, Virtue Rewarded (1740) and Clarissa; or, The History of a Young Lady (1747–48) by SAMUEL RICHARDSON. Pamela is an epistolary novel (Briefroman), a genre that became quite popular during the 18th century. It tells the story of a 15-year-old servant who, by her virtue and goodness, reveals the true character of her master and is finally rewarded by her master marrying her.

“It is virtue and goodness only that make the true beauty.”
(Samuel Richardson, Pamela; or, Virtue Rewarded, Volume I, end of letter VIII)

The plot develops throughout the many letters that Pamela writes to her parents. The reader is confined to the narrator's experience (first person narrator) and what she chooses to write; action and characters are presented from a limited point of view.

LAURENCE STERNE's Tristram Shandy (1760–67) used the narrative technique of the self-conscious narrator. The self-conscious narrator is mainly occupied with presenting his own personality and imagination. He comments on himself as a writer and on his book as the product of writing. The self-conscious narrator is made the subject of his own book; tracing the narrator's motives becomes the chief task of the reader.
As a result the narration often gets side-tracked, and there are many delays before delivering the information promised: in spite of the novel's title we get to know little about the life of Tristram Shandy who is born in Book IV and soon totally disappears from the story. Tristram Shandy is an experiment on the sequence of time. The narration deals with four different lines of action set at different periods of time, shifting from one level to another in the middle of the action. Episode is heaped upon episode before any of them has been completed. Graphic devices contribute to the humorous effect of the novel: blank pages, black pages or lines illustrating the narrator's digressions. Tristram Shandy is considered to be the most experimental novel that has ever been produced.

“I wish I could write a chapter upon sleep.
A fitter occasion could never have presented itself, than what this moment offers, when all the curtains of the family are drawn – the candles put out – and no creature's eyes are open but a single one, for the other has been shut these twenty years, of my mother's nurse.
It is a fine subject!
And yet, as fine as it is, I would undertake to write a dozen chapters upon button-holes, both quicker and with more fame, than a single chapter upon this.”

(Laurence Sterne, Tristram Shandy. Book IV, Chapter XV)

Lernhelfer (Duden Learnattack GmbH): "The Development of the Novel in the 18th Century." In: Lernhelfer (Duden Learnattack GmbH). URL: http://www.lernhelfer.de/index.php/schuelerlexikon/englisch-abitur/artikel/development-novel-18th-century (Abgerufen: 09. June 2025, 19:51 UTC)

Suche nach passenden Schlagwörtern

  • Daniel Defoe
  • Robinson
  • SAMUEL RICHARDSON
  • Tristam Shandy
  • STEVENSON
  • Golding
  • Satire
  • HENRY FIELDING
  • Point of view
  • Parodie
  • Erzähler
  • Gulliver
  • Fielding
  • ALEXANDER POPE
  • Erzählperspektive
  • parody
  • Jonathan Swift
  • Perspektive
  • Laurence Sterne
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Enlightenment

Durch die geistesgeschichtliche Periode der Aufklärung (Enlightenment) wurde die Vernunft als Maßstab des menschlichen Handelns, der gesellschaftlichen Verhältnisse und religiöser Fragen etabliert. Traditionen und gesellschaftliche Verhältnisse, die bis dahin als von Gott gegeben angenommen worden waren (z.B. die Monarchie, die gesellschaftlichen Unterschiede), wurden nun kritisch hinterfragt. Die Aufklärung löste eine Fortschrittsbewegung in den Wissenschaften, in Erziehung, Religion und im politischen Denken aus. Alle politischen Emanzipationsbewegungen haben ihren Ursprung in der Gedankenwelt der Aufklärung.

The Population of the 16th and 17th Century

The 16th and the 17th century were times of population growth and increased economic activity in commerce, the crafts and industry. The population of England and Wales grew from about two million to 5,5 million inhabitants; the population of London expanded from 60,000 to 500,000 inhabitants. Urban expansion was partly due to the migration of the rural population. What used to be common land in the villages where the peasants’ cattle could graze, was enclosed by the rich landowners. The poor peasants who depended on the common land, in addition to the wages they earned by working for the lords, were no longer able to produce enough food to stay alive. Their hopes of finding better conditions in the cities were thwarted: the constant migration to the cities led to increasing urban poverty and social problems.

In the course of the 17th century wealthy and endeavouring citizens formed the rising middle class; the dividing line between gentry and prosperous citizens became blurred.

The Old English and the Middle English Period

Aus der Entstehungszeit der englischen Sprache sind die ersten längeren Erzählwerke oder Epen überliefert. Neben ihrem literarischen Wert besitzen diese Texte Bedeutung als historische Dokumente. Die Mittelenglische Zeit weist auf die ersten kontinentaleuropäischen Einflüsse in der englischen Literatur hin.

Novel, after World War II

Erzähltechnisch hat die Romanliteratur der Nachkriegsära einen Stillstand erreicht. Aus der großen Vielzahl der Romane dieser Zeit kristallisieren sich thematische Schwerpunkte heraus, die in zeitgeschichtlichen Phänomenen begründet sind. Der Beitrag führt kurz in einige interessante Themenbereiche ein und nennt zeitgenössische Autoren.

The Novel of Adolescence

The novel of adolescence (or coming-of-age novel) describes key parts of a young person's passage into adulthood. Experiencing conflicting influences of one or several crises, the protagonist has to make his/her choice. In the process of growing up, the young person investigates into his/her identity and individuality. He/she acquires a growing self-understanding, an aim in life and an individual set of values. If the passage is completed, the young person is finally ready to face adult life.

JEROME D. SALINGER's, The Catcher in the Rye (1951) and SAUL BELLOW's, The Adventures of Augie March (1953) both have an episodic structure. They are built around a line of experiences and sometimes emotionally disturbing, difficult or unpleasant encounters the young protagonist has with various people.

If the main concern of the novel is the inner process of growing up, introspection will be given more importance than the presentation of an intricate or thrilling plot. CARSON MCCULLERS' (1917–1967), The Member of the Wedding (1946) and the sections of The Heart is a Lonely Hunter (1943), dedicated to the girl Mick, concentrate on the inner development of the protagonist. Much space is given to the presentation of moods, reflections and feelings from the protagonist's point of view.

Other examples

  • JAMES JOYCE, Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man (1916);
  • STAN BARSTOW, Joby (1964);
  • BARRY HINES, Kes (1968);
  • PAUL AUSTER, Moon Palace (1989)
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